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Posts Tagged ‘Architecture’

Inside architecture is a specific subject that specials with transformation of the framework as effectively as the appear of your home to one thing that looks impressive and reflects all that you want. The entire perform of an interior architect is aimed at enhancing the functionality and good quality of the interior area, and by carrying out this perk up the top quality of life of the occupant even though generating confident that the design is functional and beautiful. This specific distinction includes a union of architecture, interior layout and industrial layout, a few of the most major bare bones of designing. This is one particular of the principal motives why interior architects are appeared on as artists who shape the potential and set excellent living tendencies, relatively than designers that only support with a portion of the developing method in today’s instances.

Architecture style in India, is quick turning into a promising subject, many thanks to people’s increasing fascination and inclination towards concepts like possessing a great operate – lifestyle stability, dwelling effectively, producing private areas that have personal touches, and generating ideal use of the area offered.

Scope of inside architectural style services is increasing consistently. In the planet we dwell in these days, any true estate investment demands a significant sum of cash. The men and women who make such investments want to make certain that the residence will market for a lot much more after a handful of several years and give them great returns, the area will be comprehensively used, and that the room will be created in a stylish trend that can maintain alone to make a declaration for a long time to come. This objective is achieved by using inside decorators or interior designers for flats or little place of work spaces, and inside architects or industrial designers for bungalows, impartial residences and sectors or large workplace spaces.

Presently, companies of inside architectural design and style firms are highly sought after, specially in even bigger cities that have an outsized affluent population. In fact, many of the primary organizations from the subject even outsource solutions to clients from across the globe and are involved in a quantity of worldwide projects.

If you are looking for this sort of an architectural design organizations to support out in planning one particular of your attributes, the quickest way to get in contact with one particular is by searching for one on the web. But although there could be a range of organizations that supply interior architecture providers, it is of utmost relevance to decide on a company that is well-reputed and has been doing work in the sector for a long time. It might be a good concept to go via the company’s site and check out the variety of function they have completed in the prior. Several websites also have testimonials that can give you an perception on the workings of the company and help you choose the proper one particular for you – architects in Mumbai.

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The Eastlake architectural type can be found all over the world, despite the fact that it originated in New England in the late 1800′s.  While it is typically lumped in with the Victorian architectural design, that is not fully correct. Although the Eastlake style arrived to recognition although the Victorian era was nevertheless ending, it has a lot of a lot more unique traits to it that set it apart from Queen Anne. The primary elements of the Eastlake architectural type are thoroughly clean lines and geometric styles.  Mass production was gaining in reputation, and as the Victorian period was ending, technological improvements built it possible to duplicate these goods on a a lot more substantial scale, reaching 1000′s as opposed to hundreds.

The Eastlake style is very common in steel accents, particularly with drawers, cupboards, and doorway hinges.

A lot of of the artists that made this design well-known had been inclined to include decoration and course to even the most mundane and overlooked items, and turned them all into operates of artwork.  Where other folks failed to add any type of adornment, Eastlake artisans flourished and took edge of the blank canvas and made it their possess.

A specific example is a cup pull with label holder, and was discovered in workplaces just about everywhere.  It took an otherwise bland piece of furniture like a submitting cabinet, and turned it into a piece that commanded interest by any person in the room. It really is performance made it even far more sought immediately after, and they still are nowadays.  It is an very durable piece due to the fact of its reliable brass construction, which also can make it very heavy.

This piece is little, and measures a lot less than 5″ substantial and just over 2″ tall.

 All you need to have is to print out a label, or if that is not accessible, all you want is a scrap piece of paper and you’ll have an instantaneous label!  This piece is available in the well-known finishes for it’s time: Polished Brass, Antique Brass, and Oil Rubbed Bronze.  These a few can be located on nearly any piece of antique components, as effectively as several modern day pieces.  LookInTheAttic also consists of a pair of mounting screws in the same finish.

Architecture in the U.K

The built environment is one of the most visible of man’s achievements, with structures dating from prehistoric times still in existence. Today, there is an even greater demand for buildings than ever before and courses in architecture are among the most popular offered by universities in Britain.

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The Challenge of the Profession

The life of the Architect can be full and satisfying, offering widely varying opportunities to both men and women. The work is both artistically creative and at the same time technically demanding, the resolution of the tension between the two bringing a sense of achievement. As in most areas of concern, there are often complications, but these are frequently outweighed by the satisfaction of providing a caring professional service which applies inspiration, design skills and technical expertise to the client’s needs.

The Architect is trained in all aspects of building, and can advise on and carry out the design of new buildings and extensions, the repair, preservation or rehabilitation of old buildings from initial feasibility studies through to the completion of the final account.

Architects are skilled in analysing building problems and producing design solutions to them.

The majority of Architects work in small to medium sized practices of up to 20 people, although there are some larger offices. Others are employed by local authorities and various public sector bodies.

The training of an Architect has to be exceptionally comprehensive and includes the aesthetic, practical, technical, economic and contractual aspects of construction. In a period of increasing specialisation in many fields, the Architect is expected to have a general understanding of all aspects of building. Not surprisingly, all courses, of whatever kind, are long and involved, not by any means easy, and require sustained effort and commitment.

The Personal Characteristics Required

A candidate for Architectural education should be able to think about and analyse complex problems, and a lively and inventive mind is an asset, together with some artistic sensitivity. Resourcefulness is needed, as is the ability to achieve an unbiased solution to the problems involved. As the work often involves dealing with legal procedures, there needs to be an aptitude to cope with such matters.

On a personal level, one will have to be able to get on with all types of people, such as clients, colleagues and contractors, and a keen sense of humour is a not inconsiderable help in some circumstances.

Qualification and Registration

In the United Kingdom the title of ‘Architect’ is protected by law, and to be able to use it one has to be registered with the Architects Registration Board Qualification for registration is by examination, usually undertaken at one of the recognised Schools of Architecture, with the course being in three sections:

1. A full time course at a university leading to a degree after three years.
2. A full time Diploma course at university. (Often there is a break between these two parts, when a year’s practical experience is gained).
3. A further year’s practice is required before the Professional practice

Examination is taken, leading to Registration as an Architect.

Information and Courses

Courses and their details vary from year to year, and it is advisable to approach the university chosen for details of the courses offered. Entrance qualifications for each University differ and should be checked with the university concerned. The normal requirement is the equivalent of three good A levels, with preferred subjects including: Maths, other Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, etc.), Art and Economics. Other useful subjects could include: Business Studies, Geography, Languages and those demonstrating literacy skills (English, History, etc.).

Architectural Technology

The Architect is assisted in this work by the Architectural Technician or Technologist, whose qualification and experience lie in the detailed technical area of the work as opposed to the aesthetic design of the buildings.

The Technologist will carry out many tasks on behalf of the Architect, including:

measured surveys of buildings and sites
drawing up technical and production drawings
computer aided drawing and design
preparation of specifications and schedules of works, with selection of appropriate materials
co-ordination of information and work of specialists and statutory bodies
quality control and site inspection
interpretation of Building Regulations and associated legislation

The Technologist must therefore have a full and detailed understanding of building science and technology and of building contracts and regulations and the law associated with building.

Qualifications

The Architectural Technologist has traditionally qualified by means of BTEC Higher National Certificate or Diploma courses and many of these are still available at Universities and Colleges all over Britain. However, in the last few years, many Universities have developed degrees in Architectural Technology and these are becoming increasingly popular. Entry to all of these courses is by A levels, with the preferred subjects being similar to those for Architecture, although Art is less important as there is less aesthetic design in the work involved. Other suitable qualifications would be lower level BTEC awards or GNVQs, or their equivalent. The individual Universities or Colleges should be contacted for their particular requirements.

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The Neoclassical architectural style came to be in the mid 18th century in Spain and Poland, and was heavily influenced by classical Greek architecture as well as by Italian architect Andrea Palladino. Many of the details of the style can be compared to the Rococo style as well as the Late Baroque, but they are different, and understanding the key distinctions is vital. One of the biggest differences between the Neoclassical style and the classic Greek style is that the Neoclassical style of architecture focuses more on the walls, where the Greek prided themselves on their proficiency in chiaroscuro. Some historians go even further to suggest that this style came about so that architects could embrace the sensitivity of ancient Rome combined with ancient Greek.

Most arhcitectural eras hit various parts of the world at different times — the spread was staggered, sometimes never reaching certain areas.

But this architectural style was a worldwide phenomenon that occurred at more or less the same time throughout the globe, rather than eventually spreading to the United States and Europe.  Many people don’t see the distinctions between the High Neoclassical style and the Late Baroque, as they tend to have the same terms associated with them — it’s very easy to mix them up because they look so similar. But the High Neoclassical style tends to have more planar qualities than sculptured ones.  All aspects of the former are flatter depth-wise, especially the bas-reliefs.  Where these may be built directly into the wall in a Late Baroque sculpture, they were more often framed in panels, tablets, or friezes in a High Neoclassical one. These specific dinstincitions are key in identifying the style.

Buildings portraying this style can be found all over the globe but some are more popular than others, in the ranks of famous buildings, such as The Old Museum in Berlin, one of Karl Friedrich Schinkel’s projects. Sir John Soane’s Bank of England in London is a popular European example. There are two extremely famous ones in the United States as well; the White House and the Capitol, both in Washington, D.C.

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France is a country of rich architecture. You can spend your time walking along the streets of Paris or of any other city, visiting museums, making shooting near each of many impressive monuments. There are a lot of ancient monuments in France, almost all of them are in good condition such as the Maison Carre and the Pont du Gard near Nimez.

There were built a lot of innovative buildings in France by Charlemagne of the Carolingian dynasty, and more precisely in the period of his reign. For that the Romanesque architecture was used which gave birth to the Gothic style architecture. Many works of art were created in France during this period, such as the cathedrals of the Gothic style which can be exemplified by the Cathedral of Chartres (early 1194), St. Sernina in Toulouse (1080-1120) and the Cathedral of St.

Mary Magdalene of Novgorod (1089-1206) .

The Romanesque style in architecture in France comes from the Roman Empire. The Romanesque style includes of Byzantine and Oriental and cathedrals with stone arches are one of the most successful innovations of Romanesque style. It is considered to be an answer to monasteries and churches needs. Each region in France has its own Romanesque style, which reflects the regional traditions and customs. The Benedictine monastery of Cluny church in Burgundy is the largest and most important building in Romanesque style in France. The monastery of Cluny was once the center of the Benedictine Order in France. The Gothic style has its origins in the twelfth century BC, and was taken as a basic style from the Romanesque style. During this time France became a center of trade, and many churches in the Gothic style were built on donations from the mercantile interests of citizens.

In the thirteenth century the Gothic style became universal throughout Europe, and was the first French style, which was used throughout Europe.

As with any country, the architecture of England tells a convoluted tale of its history and heritage. This country is particularly noteworthy in terms of its architecture because it had the outside influence of so many other nations, including the Celts, the ancient Germanic tribes, the Romans, and so on. All of these cultures contributed to the overall ambience and aesthetic appeal of England in their own unique way.

Pre-Roman and Roman Architecture
Stonehenge and Cadbury Castle are the perfect examples of pre-Roman architecture, which was characterised by bulky structures, usually with a defensive purpose (i.e. of protecting those on the other side from intruders). Roman architecture dates back to between 43 and 406 CE (Common Era) and includes structures such as the Roman Baths and the London Wall. After Rome withdrew from England, the architecture actually degenerated significantly.

Anglo-Saxon Architecture
Saxon churches like Stewkley and Wing are examples of the Anglo-Saxon architecture that graced England after about 500 CE.

These were simple structures made of wood and thatch, with the exception of some churches, which were constructed using stone.

Norman Architecture
When the Normans invaded England in 1066, they brought with them a style of architecture that soon became known as “English Romanesque”. These were quickly-built structures, usually made of wood with the intention of defending their inhabitants. The Tower of London is one such structure. Walls were built around cities and many stone cathedrals were erected during this era. Some of the better known cathedrals that have maintained the Norman-style architecture include Winchester, Durham and St Alban’s cathedrals.

Gothic Architecture
This style of architecture was rooted in the religious society of England, who used the dramatic, almost eerie, Gothic look to build some of the most notable and impressive places of worship that appear in the annals of history.

Vernacular Architecture
Also originating in the medieval period, houses of the Vernacular style were characterised by a large, high hall with bays on each end.

These bays were split into two storeys. Some remaining examples include Ightham Mote and Alfriston Clergy House.

Stuart Architecture
Part of the Baroque period, this architecture is known for its sheer scale and many embellishments. These buildings make for impressive pieces, attracting the attention of passers-by for their dramatic nature. Examples include Castle Howard.

Georgian Architecture
This period, which spanned the 18th and 19th centuries, was also known as Neoclassical Architecture. The focus shifted from dramatics to a combination of elegance and comfort. Homes became warmer and more inviting, changing the entire approach to and attitude towards architecture and construction.

Victorian Architecture
The beginning of the 1800’s saw the advent and development of a massive amount of new technology. This meant the ability to incorporate steel into buildings and, with this new material, to design completely different shapes and styles. This was also a time of financial wealth amongst the English, so the homes that were built were beautiful and grand. In addition, people were moving around more, seeing more of the world, so influences from different cultures infiltrated the English style of architecture.

Modern Architecture
The beginning of the 20th century meant a far more decorative approach to design and architecture. Houses and buildings were embellished with lattice work, pretty chimney features, gables, and so on. However, since then, the architecture in England and, indeed, all over the world, has gone through rapid phases and fads. Geometric shapes, colours, ornate embellishments and the extensive use of space and light have all seen popularity at various times. Architecture, like any art, is a dynamic and personal form of expression. So, while certain elements will remain unchanged, perhaps for centuries, the overall look and feel of structures will continue to evolve, creating an ever-changing heritage.

Architecture is the science and art of designing buildings and other structures. It can also be expanded to the
designing of surrounding environments, towns and landscapes.

Someone who specializes in architecture is called an architect. Architecture has played a key part of our entire
worlds history. For wherever there have been buildings or structures that were safe for inhabiting, there has been
some sort of architecture.

Architecture combines functionality with aesthetics to create the buildings we live in, work in and play in. From
the smallest 1 bedroom home to the grandest palace or biggest cathedral, every structure is based on some form of the architecture.

Architectural designs change with time and space. Each era has its own style of architecture, from Baroque,
Greco-Roman, Art Deco, Victorian to American Colonial, Prairie, and Bauhaus. Lines, materials, structure and
symbolism all contribute to the different styles of architecture.

Architecture styles can be anywhere from subtle to garish and materials vary from lumber to limestone. Most early
styles of architecture though utilize local materials that were bountiful.

In Greece for example, where limestone was plentiful, most structures were created from this natural material. And since marble was not only rare but for a few select islands, but very difficult to transport, it was used sparingly and usually only for ornamentation.

In Colonial America, Saltbox houses were created from timber since it was so readily available and most
properties had abundance so it cost next to nothing. And to save more money, these Saltbox houses were also put together with joints because the cost of nails was an unnecessary expense.

What is Architectural Animation? What are 3D Architecture Animation Models? These two are the most common questions in Architecture Industry. Any architecture professional can be very advantageous by architectural animation and 3D architecture animation models. 3D architecture animation is the main base behind this.

In simple words, architectural animation can be defined as a small architectural animated video created using 3D architecture animation. A computer generated structure of a building is created in architectural animation. Architectural animation is not all about a single image from a single angle, it is a sequence of hundreds and even thousands of 3D images taken by a moving camera.

When such hundreds of 3D images are assembled and played back together they create a video outcome much like a real motion picture camera except all 3D images are created using 3D architectural animation. 3D architecture animation models are also created using this wonderful technique. These 3D architecture animation models can play a role of a template design of your proposed building architecture.

3D architecture animation models are developed using architectural animation and computer 3D graphics. Computer 3D graphics give a 3 dimensional views of statistical information that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations. Superior quality architectural design and animation solutions are widely distributed using Architectural Animation, 3D Architecture Animation Models.

Architectural animation, 3D architecture animation models are also developed using latest tools and technologies of 3D architectural animation. 3D architectural animation software is the most used of all. Using such architectural animation, 3D architecture animation models any architecture professional can get exact building architecture as expected.

The Gestalt school identified several principles of use to artists and architects, but the most important is that of balance – that is, the constantly shifting balance that balances all opposites within the constantly shifting matrix of reality. Interestingly the principles of form found in the natural world are not dissimilar to the Gestalt principles that also operate in the unselfconscious human building traditions I referred to at the beginning of this article. Vernacular building traditions have evolved slowly over long periods of time and thus possess some of the coherent organic order found also in Nature. As in animal architecture, vernacular architecture possesses an inherent beauty: the beauty of integrity and unity. Such beauty emerges from the totally balanced integration of a system, its function and use into the broader realms of Nature.

So have we stumbled onto the reason why so many modern human-made environments fail to come up to the quality of some older towns and cities? At root the problem seems to lie in the spiritual posture that we adopt with Nature. Many people would now accept that as humans we are completely co-terminal with Nature. However, in claiming ownership, as we do, of that part of Nature that we call ‘self’, we not only separate ourselves from Nature but also separate ourselves from our own environments. Yogis tell us that the transcendental world of the spirit – the world of unity and pure consciousness – supports the relative world at each point. They tell us that the transcendental realm is a world without qualities yet gives rise to and sustains all qualities. They tell us that it is to be found in the ‘gap’ between the different states of consciousness: waking, dreaming and sleep; in the silences in music; between syllables in spoken language and even between our thoughts. The great 19th-century Indian holy man Ramakrishna Paramahansa was once asked, “Where do I find God?” His reply was, “Look between two thoughts.” This gap between perfectly balanced opposites is where life and spirit enter the relative world. It is also the vital middle ground between a subject and an object that defines the ‘mean’ and gives the meaning.

In conclusion we can say that it is order that gives life to a work and it is order that gives a work its spiritual dimension. It is in the perfect orderliness of a great work that the two worlds of materiality and spirit conjoin. Order is the agent that serves as the conduit between these two realms. Dare we say that ‘orderliness’ is next to ‘Godliness’?

The two may sound similar, but architectural engineering and architecture are two different fields that unite over a common purpose: to design buildings. Architects have the vision, and architectural engineers take that vision and make it happen. Architectural engineers must find safe, healthy, durable, economical, energy-conserving solutions to architects’ designs.

According to the Architectural Engineering Institute, architectural engineering is the discipline concerned with the planning, design, construction, and operation of engineered systems for commercial, industrial, and institutional facilities. Engineered systems include electric power, communications, and control; lighting; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC); and structural systems. Architectural engineers work closely with professionals in all areas of the building process to design and construct the engineered systems that bring buildings to life.

Architectural Engineering Programs
Architectural engineering programs teach you the ins and outs of engineering and ways engineering applies to the design and construction of buildings. In architectural schools, you will become proficient in math as well as calculus-based physics and general chemistry. You will study the strength of materials, electric circuits, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and engineering economics. You will also learn about the history of architectural design.

Architectural engineering programs typically focus on construction management, structural, mechanical (HVAC), acoustics, lighting, or electrical engineering. architectural schools may not offer all of these specializations, and sometimes two (e.g., lighting and electrical) may be combined. Depending on your architectural engineering specialization, when you become an architectural engineer, you could deal with anything from building materials and plumbing systems to electrical layouts and climate control. You may even specialize in transportation systems or fire safety code.

Architectural Skills
At architectural schools, you will gain the education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context. You will also gain knowledge of how the built environment relates to contemporary issues. Through practical coursework applications, you will learn to apply your knowledge of math, science, and engineering to building structures.

After extensive laboratory work, you will be able to design a building system, component, or process to meet needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, ethical, health and safety, social, political, regulatory, constructability, and sustainability. Architectural engineering schools also emphasize teamwork so that you will be able to function in interdisciplinary teams for the design and construction of buildings.

Accreditation and Licensure
The American Board for Engineering and Technology is the official accreditation body for architectural engineering programs in the U.S. Currently, there are only 17 accredited programs in the U.S. Click here for a list of accredited architectural engineering programs.
If you choose to pursue a Professional Engineer license, graduation from an accredited architectural engineering program is a prerequisite. The 80-question, multiple-choice Architectural Engineering Professional Engineer Exam is offered by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying to the state licensure boards each April. Individual states govern the licensure, registration, and practice of architectural engineering within their own states. Find your state licensure board to learn about the requirements for licensure in your state.

If you’re interested in turning artistic vision into physical reality, start researching architectural engineering schools today.

Client-server is a computing architecture which separates a client from a server, and is almost always implemented over a computer network. Each client or server connected to a network can also be referred to as a node. The most basic type of client-server architecture employs only two types of nodes: clients and servers. This type of architecture is sometimes referred to as two-tier. It allows devices to share files and resources.

Each instance of the client software can send data requests to one or more connected servers. In turn, the servers can accept these requests, process them, and return the requested information to the client. Although this concept can be applied for a variety of reasons to many different kinds of applications, the architecture remains fundamentally the same.

These days, clients are most often web browsers, although that has not always been the case. Servers typically include web servers, database servers and mail servers. Online gaming is usually client-server too. In the specific case of MMORPG, the servers are typically operated by the company selling the game; for other games one of the players will act as the host by setting his game in server mode.

The interaction between client and server is often described using sequence diagrams. Sequence diagrams are standardized in the Unified Modeling Language.

Characteristics

Characteristics of a client

Request sender is known as client
Initiates requests
Waits for and receives replies.
Usually connects to a small number of servers at one time
Typically interacts directly with end-users using a graphical user interface

Characteristics of a server

Receiver of request which is send by client is known as server
Passive (slave)
Waits for requests from clients
Upon receipt of requests, processes them and then serves replies
Usually accepts connections from a large number of clients
Typically does not interact directly with end-users

Multi-tiered architecture

Some designs are more sophisticated and consist of three different kinds of nodes: clients, application servers which process data for the clients, and database servers which store data for the application servers. This configuration is called a three-tier architecture, and is the most commonly used type of client-server architecture. Designs that contain more than two tiers are referred to as multi-tiered or n-tiered.

The advantages of n-tiered architectures is that they are far more scalable, since they balance and distribute the processing load among multiple, often redundant, specialized server nodes. This in turn improves overall system performance and reliability, since more of the processing load can be accommodated simultaneously.

The disadvantages of n-tiered architectures include:

More load on the network itself, due to a greater amount of network traffic.
More difficult to program and test than in two-tier architectures because more devices have to communicate in order to complete a client’s request.

Comparison to Peer-to-Peer Architecture

Another type of network architecture is known as peer-to-peer, because each node or instance of the program can simultaneously act as both a client and a server, and because each has equivalent responsibilities and status. Peer-to-peer architectures are often abbreviated using the acronym P2P.

Both client-server and P2P architectures are in wide usage today.

Comparison to Client-Queue-Client Architecture

While classic Client-Server architecture requires one of communication endpoints to act as a server, which is much harder to implement, Client-Queue-Client allows all endpoints to be simple clients, while the server consists of some external software, which also acts as passive queue (one software instance passes its query to another instance to queue, e.g. database, and then this other instance pulls it from database, makes a response, passes it to database etc.). This architecture allows greatly simplified software implementation. Peer-to-Peer architecture was originally based on Client-Queue-Client concept.

Advantages

In most cases, client-server architecture enables the roles and responsibilities of a computing system to be distributed among several independent computers that are known to each other only through a network. This creates an additional advantage to this architecture: greater ease of maintenance. For example, it is possible to replace, repair, upgrade, or even relocate a server while its clients remain both unaware and unaffected by that change. This independence from change is also referred to as encapsulation.
All the data is stored on the servers, which generally have far greater security controls than most clients. Servers can better control access and resources, to guarantee that only those clients with the appropriate permissions may access and change data.
Since data storage is centralized, updates to those data are far easier to administer than would be possible under a P2P paradigm. Under a P2P architecture, data updates may need to be distributed and applied to each “peer” in the network, which is both time-consuming and error-prone, as there can be thousands or even millions of peers.
Many mature client-server technologies are already available which were designed to ensure security, ‘friendliness’ of the user interface, and ease of use.
It functions with multiple different clients of different capabilities.

Disadvantages

Traffic congestion on the network has been an issue since the inception of the client-server paradigm. As the number of simultaneous client requests to a given server increases, the server can become severely overloaded. Contrast that to a P2P network, where its bandwidth actually increases as more nodes are added, since the P2P network’s overall bandwidth can be roughly computed as the sum of the bandwidths of every node in that network.
The client-server paradigm lacks the robustness of a good P2P network. Under client-server, should a critical server fail, clients’ requests cannot be fulfilled. In P2P networks, resources are usually distributed among many nodes. Even if one or more nodes depart and abandon a downloading file, for example, the remaining nodes should still have the data needed to complete the download.

Examples

Imagine you are visiting eCommerce web site. In this case, your computer and web browser would be considered the client, while the computers, databases, and applications that make up the online store would be considered the server. When your web browser requests specific information from the online store, the server finds all of the data in the database needed to satisfy the browser’s request, assembles that data into a web page, and transmits that page back to your web browser for you to view.

Specific types of clients include web browsers, email clients, and online chat clients.

Specific types of servers include web servers, ftp servers, application servers, database servers, mail servers, file servers, print servers, and terminal servers. Most web services are also types of servers.

Notes

This form of scalability is called horizontal scalability. There is substantial and growing criticism that horizontal scalability is limiting as applications become more complex and interdependent, particularly in the areas of network latency, reliability, and manageability. IBM, in particular, takes this view and promotes both vertical and horizontal scalability. Vertical scalability implements fewer servers able to support multiple application and database tiers, and multiple applications, concurrently. The IBM System z is the most notable example of a vertically scalable system.